Are you seeking to significantly elevate the financial performance of your waste recycling enterprise, transforming operational challenges into substantial gains? Uncover nine potent strategies that can revolutionize your profitability, from optimizing collection routes to diversifying revenue streams. To truly understand the financial implications and model your growth, explore comprehensive tools like the Waste Recycling Financial Model, and then delve deeper into how these actionable insights can reshape your business.
Steps to Open a Business Idea
Embarking on a waste recycling venture requires meticulous planning and execution. The following table outlines the crucial steps involved in establishing a profitable and sustainable waste recycling business, from initial conceptualization to full operational launch.
| Step | Description | 
|---|---|
| Step 1: Develop A Comprehensive Business Plan | Develop a detailed business plan outlining operations, target markets, waste processing technologies, and a robust financial forecast. | 
| Step 2: Secure Funding And Capital | Secure adequate funding through a combination of business loans, private investors, and government grants to cover substantial initial investments. | 
| Step 3: Obtain All Necessary Licenses And Permits | Meticulously navigate the complex regulatory framework by securing all required federal, state, and local permits to legally operate. | 
| Step 4: Acquire A Facility And Purchase Equipment | Secure a suitable industrial site and purchase the essential machinery for efficient collection, sorting, and processing operations. | 
| Step 5: Establish A Recycling Supply Chain | Build an end-to-end supply chain by securing contracts for inbound recyclable materials and establishing agreements with buyers for processed commodities. | 
| Step 6: Hire And Train Staff | Recruit a qualified team and implement rigorous training programs focused on operational efficiency, safety protocols, and material quality control. | 
| Step 7: Launch And Market Your Services | Officially launch operations and execute a targeted marketing plan to build your brand and secure a strong client base in both residential and commercial sectors. | 
What Are Key Factors To Consider Before Starting Waste Recycling?
Before launching a Waste Recycling business, several critical factors demand careful consideration. These include the inherent volatility of the recycled material market, the significant initial capital investment required for equipment, the complex logistics of waste collection and processing, and navigating a comprehensive web of environmental regulations. Understanding these elements is essential for building a sustainable and profitable operation like EcoCycle Solutions, which aims to transform recycling through technology.
Key Considerations for Waste Recycling Business Success
- Market Volatility: A crucial factor is thoroughly analyzing the recycled material market to ensure profitability. For example, while aluminum can scrap prices consistently exceed $1,500 per ton, the price for mixed paper can fluctuate dramatically, sometimes dropping below $50 per ton. Such fluctuations heavily impact waste recycling business profits and require proactive risk management.
- High Initial Capital Investment: Initial capital costs represent a significant barrier and are a key consideration for recycling company profitability. A small-to-medium-sized Material Recovery Facility (MRF) requires an investment of $2 million to $5 million for essential equipment like balers, conveyors, and optical sorters. Additionally, expect an extra $500,000 to $1 million for facility acquisition and preparation. For more on equipment costs, see this Waste Recycling CAPEX guide.
- Logistics and Waste Stream: Successful recycling business growth depends on securing a consistent and high-volume stream of waste. This involves establishing contracts with municipalities or attracting commercial and industrial recycling clients. The US commercial sector generates over 90 million tons of waste annually, a significant portion of which is recyclable, highlighting a vast potential for attracting commercial and industrial recycling clients.
- Regulatory Compliance: Navigating complex environmental regulations is non-negotiable. Compliance with federal, state, and local permits for waste handling and processing is mandatory. Failing to adhere to these can result in substantial fines and operational delays, directly impacting waste management profit strategies.
How Can A Waste Recycling Business Increase Its Profits?
A Waste Recycling business can significantly increase its profits by focusing on three core areas: improving material purity through advanced technology, optimizing collection logistics to reduce costs, and strategically diversifying into higher-value or niche material streams.
Improving the quality of recycled materials directly impacts revenue. Investing in modern waste processing technologies, such as AI-powered robotics, is a key strategy for enhancing recycling company profitability. These advanced systems can boost sorting efficiency by as much as 50%. They also help achieve purity levels exceeding 98% for materials like PET plastic, which can increase the sale price of these commodities by 10-20%. This technological edge ensures that processed materials command top dollar in the market, directly boosting waste recycling business profits.
Reducing operational costs is equally critical for a waste recycling company's financial health. Optimizing waste collection routes for profitability is a prime example. By using telematics and sophisticated route planning software, businesses can cut fuel and labor expenses, which typically make up to 60% of total collection costs, by as much as 25%. This efficiency gain translates directly into higher net income. Efficient collection is a cornerstone of sustainable waste management and improving overall recycling business growth.
Developing new revenue streams from high-value or niche materials offers substantial opportunities to increase recycling revenue. Beyond traditional recyclables, exploring areas like waste-to-energy conversion or processing e-waste can significantly boost income. For instance, just one ton of discarded cell phones can yield up to $15,000 in precious metals like gold and silver. This offers a much higher return than many common recyclables, demonstrating the potential of diversifying recyclable materials accepted for profit and exploring innovative business models for waste management and recycling.
What Legal And Regulatory Steps Are Required To Open Waste Recycling?
Establishing a Waste Recycling business like EcoCycle Solutions requires navigating a specific set of legal and regulatory steps. These include formally registering your business entity, obtaining critical federal, state, and local permits for waste handling, and ensuring full compliance with strict environmental and safety standards. Adhering to these regulations is crucial for legal operation and long-term sustainability, directly impacting your recycling company profitability.
Essential Permits and Compliance
- State Solid Waste Facility Permit: A primary requirement is obtaining a Solid Waste Facility Permit from your state's environmental agency. This process is often lengthy, typically taking between 6 to 18 months. The associated costs for application and engineering fees can range from $10,000 to $50,000, varying based on the facility's scale and complexity.
- Federal Compliance: Compliance with the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is mandatory for managing both solid and hazardous waste. Additionally, all facilities must strictly adhere to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards (29 CFR 1910). Non-compliance with OSHA regulations can lead to substantial fines, potentially exceeding $15,000 per violation, directly impacting waste recycling business profits.
- Local Zoning and Business Licenses: Securing local zoning approval is a critical step. Recycling facilities are typically restricted to industrial or special-use zones. Beyond this, you will need standard local business licenses and an Employer Identification Number (EIN) from the IRS to operate legally and manage payroll.
What Are The Most Profitable Materials To Recycle?
The most consistently profitable materials for a Waste Recycling business are non-ferrous metals, particularly aluminum and copper, due to their high intrinsic value and stable demand in manufacturing. Selling these high-value recyclable materials is a core strategy to increase recycling revenue and improve recycling company profitability. Diversifying the types of materials accepted, beyond common paper and plastic, directly impacts your financial returns.
Key Profitable Recyclables:
- Aluminum Used Beverage Cans (UBCs): These consistently offer high returns. Their market value frequently surpasses $1,500 per metric ton. The US recycles approximately 45 billion cans annually, demonstrating a massive, consistent supply.
- Copper Scrap: This is another highly lucrative material. Prices for clean #1 copper tubing often exceed $7,500 per ton. This makes it a primary target for operations dealing with electronics and construction debris, offering significantly higher profits compared to many other materials.
- Certain Plastics (PET and HDPE): While less valuable per ton than metals, these plastics offer high profit potential due to their vast volume and consistent demand. Clean, baled PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) can be sold for $300-$500 per ton. The US market for recycled PET is projected to grow by over 7% annually, indicating a robust future for this stream. HDPE (High-density polyethylene) also maintains strong demand.
For businesses like EcoCycle Solutions, focusing on efficient collection and sorting of these materials through advanced waste processing technologies can significantly boost waste recycling business profits. Optimizing your recycling supply chain to secure clean streams of these materials reduces processing costs and maximizes the sale price. Understanding the average profit margin for a waste management company often highlights the importance of these high-value materials.
How Does The Circular Economy Impact Recycling Business Profits?
The circular economy significantly boosts Waste Recycling business profits by driving consistent demand for high-quality recycled materials. This model moves away from a 'take-make-dispose' approach, instead focusing on keeping resources in use for as long as possible. For a recycling company, this means a more stable and predictable market for their processed materials, directly impacting recycling company profitability. This shift encourages manufacturers to integrate recycled content into new products, creating a robust demand for your output.
A key aspect of the circular economy is the commitment from major corporations to increase their use of recycled content. For instance, many beverage companies have pledged to use 50% recycled plastic (rPET) in their bottles by 2030. This commitment ensures a steady, high-value market for materials like PET, helping to protect recycling businesses from the price volatility often seen in commodity markets. This stable demand is crucial for long-term financial planning for a recycling center business, allowing for better forecasting and investment.
How the Circular Economy Drives Profitability
- Strategic Partnerships: The circular model fosters direct partnerships between recycling companies and manufacturers. Businesses like EcoCycle Solutions can manage post-industrial scrap for factories, receiving payment for this service. This provides a pre-sorted, low-contamination material stream, which can reduce processing costs by 20-30% for the recycling facility.
- Government Incentives: Governments actively support the circular economy through financial incentives. Programs like the EPA's Solid Waste Infrastructure for Recycling (SWIFR) grant provide significant funding, with the program offering $275 million to businesses for upgrading equipment and improving recycling processes. This capital injection directly improves recycling company profitability by enabling efficiency upgrades and expansion.
- Enhanced Material Value: By emphasizing high-quality feedstock, the circular economy encourages advanced sorting technologies in recycling facilities. This reduces recycling contamination, increasing the purity and thus the market value of recycled commodities. Higher purity means higher selling prices, directly impacting waste recycling business profits.
These initiatives create new revenue streams and optimize existing operations, leading to improved efficiency in recycling plant operations and overall recycling business growth. For businesses like EcoCycle Solutions, leveraging technology for waste management cost reduction and promoting sustainable waste management practices aligns perfectly with the circular economy, attracting both eco-conscious clients and strategic partners.
Step 1: Develop A Comprehensive Business Plan
Creating a detailed business plan is the foundational first step for any successful Waste Recycling business. This document serves as your operational blueprint, clearly outlining how your company, like EcoCycle Solutions, will function from day one. It defines your core operational model, identifies specific target markets, and details the waste processing technologies you plan to implement. A robust financial forecast is crucial within this plan, guiding your strategic decisions and setting clear financial objectives for profitability and growth.
Key Financial Projections for Your Recycling Business Plan
- Startup Costs: Your financial planning for a recycling center business must project all initial expenses. For a mid-size facility, startup costs average around $3 million. This includes land acquisition, equipment purchase (such as advanced sorting technologies in recycling facilities), permits, and initial operational capital.
- Revenue Streams: Define how your recycling company will generate income. This typically involves selling processed recyclable materials, offering waste collection services, and potentially exploring new revenue streams from waste-to-energy conversion.
- Profit Margins: The plan should outline your target profitability. The average profit margin for a waste management company ranges from 5-10%. Aiming for the higher end requires efficient operations and strategic market positioning.
A successful business plan also defines your marketing strategies for a profitable recycling business. It details how you will attract commercial and industrial recycling clients, who are vital for consistent volume. The goal is to secure clients capable of providing over 50 tons of material per month per client, ensuring a steady supply for your operations and maximizing recycling revenue. This focus on commercial clients is key for increasing recycling business profits.
Furthermore, your plan must specify your approach to sustainable waste management. This includes concrete plans for implementing advanced sorting technologies in recycling facilities. These technologies are critical for achieving a material purity rate of 98% or higher, which directly impacts the value of your recycled materials and significantly boosts profits in a waste recycling plant. This commitment to purity and efficiency helps optimize the recycling supply chain and improves overall recycling company profitability.
Step 2: Secure Funding And Capital
Securing adequate funding is a critical step for any waste recycling business, especially for initial investments in facilities and equipment. For EcoCycle Solutions, this involves a strategic combination of business loans, private investors, and government grants. This capital ensures the necessary infrastructure is in place to transform the recycling landscape and minimize waste effectively. A robust financial plan is essential to demonstrate viability and attract necessary investment.
One primary avenue for funding is through federal programs. The Small Business Administration (SBA) offers valuable support for recycling startups. Specifically, SBA 7(a) loans can provide up to $5 million, covering diverse business needs from working capital to equipment purchases. For larger asset acquisition, such as heavy processing machinery and real estate, SBA 504 loans are ideal. To qualify, a detailed business plan is required, outlining projected recycling business growth and overall profitability, demonstrating how EcoCycle Solutions plans to increase recycling revenue through its innovative approach.
Government grants represent another significant funding source for waste management and recycling initiatives. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) frequently offer programs designed to support sustainable waste management and infrastructure development. For instance, programs like the Solid Waste Infrastructure for Recycling (SWIFR) grant can provide hundreds of thousands of dollars for developing advanced sorting technologies and improving efficiency in recycling plant operations. Actively pursuing these opportunities can significantly reduce the initial capital burden for a recycling company.
Attracting Equity Investors for EcoCycle Solutions
- Highlight Market Growth: Present data showing the waste management market is projected to reach $715 billion by 2026. This demonstrates the significant potential for increased recycling revenue and overall recycling company profitability.
- Emphasize Innovation: Showcase EcoCycle Solutions' unique, app-based platform and innovative business models for waste management and recycling. This appeals to investors seeking high-growth potential in the circular economy recycling sector.
- Demonstrate Environmental Impact: Beyond financial returns, highlight the positive environmental impact, which resonates with impact investors and those focused on sustainable waste management.
- Showcase Profitability Projections: Provide clear financial planning for a recycling center business, including projections for how EcoCycle Solutions will boost profits in a waste recycling plant through optimized waste collection routes and selling high-value recyclable materials.
Attracting equity investors requires a compelling pitch that emphasizes both financial and environmental returns. For EcoCycle Solutions, this means presenting a clear vision of how the business will leverage technology and community engagement to create a sustainable future. Investors look for strong financial projections and a clear path to maximizing revenue from commercial recycling services and diversifying recyclable materials accepted for profit. This strategic approach to funding helps transform business ideas into investor-ready ventures.
Step 3: Obtain All Necessary Licenses And Permits
Securing the correct licenses and permits is a critical, non-negotiable step for any waste recycling business, including EcoCycle Solutions. This process ensures legal operation and builds machine trust authority. Neglecting this can lead to severe penalties, impacting your recycling company's profitability. It's essential to meticulously navigate the complex regulatory framework, which spans federal, state, and local levels, to legally operate a waste recycling facility.
What Federal Permits Are Required for Waste Recycling?
- EPA Identification Number: You must obtain a federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Identification Number. This is mandatory for businesses that generate, transport, treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste.
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Compliance: Ensure full compliance with RCRA regulations. This act governs the disposal of solid and hazardous waste, setting standards for waste management profit strategies.
State-level permits are also mandatory and vary significantly by location, directly influencing the efficiency and growth of your waste management operations. For instance, an Air Quality Permit may be required to control emissions from waste processing technologies, while a Solid Waste Facility Permit is essential for operating a recycling plant. These permits ensure your operations align with sustainable waste management practices. Understanding these nuances is key to implementing advanced sorting technologies in recycling facilities and avoiding costly delays.
Local Approvals Essential for Waste Recycling Businesses
- Zoning Approval: Work closely with municipal authorities to secure local zoning approval. This ensures your facility's location complies with local land-use regulations.
- Business Operating License: Obtain a general business operating license from your city or county. This is a fundamental requirement for any commercial enterprise.
- Specific Permits: Secure any specific local permits related to noise, traffic, or environmental impact, which can vary greatly depending on the community and the scale of your recycling business growth.
The permitting process for a waste recycling business can be extensive, often taking over a year to complete. Initiating this process early is crucial to avoid delays in your business launch and to maintain a positive financial planning trajectory for a recycling center business. Delays can significantly impact your timeline for attracting commercial and industrial recycling clients and developing new revenue streams from waste-to-energy conversion.
Beyond environmental permits, compliance with occupational safety is paramount. Ensure full compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. These regulations are designed to prevent workplace accidents and protect employees. Non-compliance can result in heavy fines, which can be as high as $145,027 for a willful or repeated violation. Prioritizing safety not only protects your team but also safeguards your recycling company's profitability by minimizing potential legal and financial liabilities.
Step 4: Acquire A Facility And Purchase Equipment
Establishing a successful Waste Recycling business, like EcoCycle Solutions, requires a physical hub for operations. The fourth critical step involves securing a suitable industrial site and purchasing the essential machinery. This infrastructure supports efficient collection, sorting, and processing, directly impacting recycling company profitability. Without the right facility and equipment, scaling operations and maximizing revenue from commercial recycling services becomes challenging. This foundational investment is key to achieving long-term waste recycling business profits.
What type of facility is needed for a Waste Recycling business?
A Waste Recycling business requires an industrial property with specific characteristics to handle large volumes of materials. It is crucial to either lease or purchase a site of at least 40,000 square feet. This size accommodates various stages of waste processing technologies, including material receiving, sorting, baling, and storage areas. Ensure the property has appropriate zoning for industrial waste management activities and provides easy access for heavy trucks, facilitating smooth waste collection and material transport. Annual lease rates for such industrial properties typically range from $7 to $12 per square foot, representing a significant operational cost.
What essential equipment should a recycling company acquire?
Investing in core equipment is paramount for a profitable recycling business. The initial equipment outlay often exceeds $15 million. Key machinery includes:
- Collection Trucks: A fleet of specialized vehicles is necessary for waste collection. Each truck averages around $250,000.
- Industrial Balers: These compact materials like cardboard, plastic, and metal into dense bales, optimizing storage and transport. Costs for industrial balers start from $100,000+.
- Sorting Conveyors: These systems move materials efficiently through the facility for manual or automated sorting.
- Trommel Screens: Used for separating mixed waste streams by size, a trommel screen can cost upwards of $150,000. This equipment improves efficiency in recycling plant operations by pre-sorting materials.
How can advanced technology increase recycling company profitability?
To maximize recycling company profitability and gain a competitive edge, consider investing in advanced sorting technologies. These innovations enhance material purity and increase throughput, directly contributing to higher waste recycling business profits. For example, optical sorters, costing around $300,000+, use sensors to identify and separate materials based on color, shape, or composition. AI-powered robots, priced at $100,000+ per unit, can perform precise sorting tasks. Implementing these technologies can increase throughput by 30% and improve material purity by over 5%, leading to higher-value recycled material market sales and reduced contamination. These investments are key strategies for improving recycling business financial performance.
Key Equipment for Boosting Recycling Efficiency
- Optical Sorters: Utilize near-infrared (NIR) or visible light to identify and separate different types of plastics, paper, or metals. They significantly reduce manual labor and improve the quality of sorted materials.
- AI-Powered Robots: These robots use computer vision and machine learning to pick and sort specific items from a mixed stream at high speeds. They are particularly effective for complex sorting tasks and can adapt to new material streams.
- Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs): While not a single piece of equipment, a fully integrated MRF combines various technologies like screens, magnets, eddy currents, and optical sorters to process large volumes of mixed recyclables efficiently.
Step 5: Establish A Recycling Supply Chain
Building a robust recycling supply chain is crucial for increasing waste recycling business profits. This involves securing consistent inbound materials and reliable buyers for processed commodities. For EcoCycle Solutions, an end-to-end supply chain ensures operational efficiency and maximizes recycling company profitability.
Secure Inbound Recyclable Materials
To establish a steady flow of materials, focus on securing contracts for inbound recyclable materials. This is a primary strategy for improving recycling business financial performance. Rather than relying solely on residential curbside collections, attracting commercial and industrial recycling clients significantly boosts volume and reduces contamination. For instance, a single contract with a large grocery chain or distribution center can guarantee a steady stream of 20-30 tons of clean cardboard per week, directly increasing recycling revenue.
Strategic Partnerships for Waste Material Sourcing
- Manufacturers: Forge strategic partnerships with manufacturers to obtain clean, uniform post-industrial scrap. This material often has high purity, which significantly reduces processing costs and enhances the value of recycled products.
- Businesses: Target businesses generating high volumes of specific recyclables, like offices for paper or restaurants for cooking oil, to streamline collection and improve material quality.
Establish Agreements with Buyers for Processed Commodities
Once materials are processed, establishing agreements with diverse buyers is essential for maximizing revenue from commercial recycling services. This mitigates the impact of market prices on recycled material revenue. Diversifying your buyers ensures you can always sell processed materials at competitive prices, even when market fluctuations occur. This is a key strategy for increasing recycling revenue.
Diversifying Recycled Material Buyers
- Domestic Mills: Build relationships with local and national paper, plastic, or metal mills that require specific recycled feedstock.
- Manufacturers: Connect directly with manufacturers who use recycled content in their production processes, often offering better prices for high-quality, consistent supply.
- Export Brokers: Partner with export brokers to access international markets, providing additional sales channels for materials like plastics and fibers.
Optimize Recycling Supply Chain for Profitability
Recycling supply chain optimization focuses on efficiency and value extraction. Implementing advanced sorting technologies in recycling facilities, for example, improves material purity, which directly translates to higher selling prices. For EcoCycle Solutions, leveraging technology for waste management cost reduction also includes optimizing waste collection routes for profitability, reducing fuel consumption by up to 15% through route planning software. This holistic approach ensures every step of the supply chain contributes to increased profits of a waste recycling business.
Step 6: Hire And Train Staff
To significantly increase waste recycling business profits, establishing a highly skilled and well-trained team is essential. This sixth strategic step focuses on recruiting qualified personnel and implementing rigorous training programs. These programs must cover operational efficiency, safety protocols, and crucial material quality control to ensure your EcoCycle Solutions facility runs optimally. A proficient workforce directly impacts the value of processed materials and reduces costly errors.
Hiring key personnel is fundamental for a profitable recycling company. Your team should include a dedicated plant manager, typically earning $70,000 or more annually, to oversee operations. Equipment operators, vital for waste processing technologies, command wages between $20-$28 per hour. Sorters, who directly impact recycled material quality, generally earn $15-$19 per hour. Finally, Class B truck drivers, crucial for optimizing waste collection routes for profitability, are paid around $22-$30 per hour. These roles form the backbone of an efficient recycling supply chain.
Implementing Effective Training Programs
- OSHA-Compliant Safety: A comprehensive safety program is critical. Effective training in this area can significantly reduce workplace injuries, which reportedly cost the U.S. waste industry over $100 million annually in workers' compensation claims. Prioritizing safety minimizes unexpected expenses and improves overall operational efficiency.
- Contamination Reduction: Train all staff on best practices for reducing recycling contamination. A well-trained sorting line, for example, can decrease contamination rates from an industry average of 25% down to 10% or less. This direct reduction in contamination directly increases the value of baled materials, thereby boosting waste recycling business profits and improving recycling company profitability.
Step 7: Launch And Market Your Services
The final crucial step for any waste recycling business, like EcoCycle Solutions, involves officially launching operations and executing a precise marketing plan. This builds your brand and secures a strong client base across both residential and commercial sectors. A well-executed launch and sustained marketing effort directly impact your recycling company profitability and waste recycling business profits.
Leveraging technology is key for waste management cost reduction and attracting modern customers. EcoCycle Solutions should launch its app-based platform as a primary differentiator. Market this innovative solution for its convenience in scheduling pickups and tracking recycling efforts. This digital approach appeals directly to eco-conscious residential customers seeking streamlined, efficient services, helping to increase recycling revenue from individual households.
Executing Your Recycling Marketing Plan
- B2B Marketing Strategy: To attract more commercial clients, implement a targeted B2B marketing strategy. This includes digital marketing, local SEO optimization, and direct outreach. Focus on facility managers, procurement officers, and sustainability officers within sectors such as manufacturing, retail, and hospitality. Highlighting your ability to handle diverse waste streams and provide detailed reporting can be a significant draw for maximizing revenue from commercial recycling services.
- Brand Image and Circular Economy: Create a robust recycling marketing plan that emphasizes your company's integral role in the circular economy. Publicize your advanced waste processing technologies and your unwavering commitment to sustainable waste management. This builds a strong, reputable brand image, which is vital for long-term recycling business growth and attracting strategic partnerships for waste material sourcing.
- Highlighting Innovation: Showcase how EcoCycle Solutions uses technology to improve efficiency in recycling plant operations. For instance, if you implement advanced sorting technologies in recycling facilities, highlight this capability. This demonstrates your commitment to reducing recycling contamination and improving the quality of recycled material, which can command higher prices in the recycled material market.
A strong marketing presence helps answer key questions for potential clients, such as 'How can a recycling business attract more commercial clients?' or 'What are effective marketing strategies for a recycling company?' By clearly communicating your value proposition and technological advantages, EcoCycle Solutions can establish itself as a leader in sustainable waste management.
 
    
 
				
			 
				
			 
				
			 
				
			 
				
			