What Are the Core 5 KPIs for Chinese Restaurant Business Success?

Are you seeking effective ways to significantly enhance your Chinese restaurant's profitability? Uncover nine proven strategies that can transform your financial outlook, from optimizing operational efficiency to attracting a wider customer base. Ready to implement these impactful changes and gain a clearer financial perspective? Explore how a robust Chinese restaurant financial model can illuminate your path to success.

Core 5 KPI Metrics to Track

To effectively manage and grow a Chinese restaurant business, it is imperative to monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) that offer insights into operational efficiency, financial health, and customer satisfaction. The following table outlines five core KPI metrics, providing their benchmarks and a concise description to guide your strategic decisions.

# KPI Benchmark Description
1 Food Cost Percentage 28%-35% Measures the portion of revenue spent on food ingredients, crucial for cost control.
2 Prime Cost ≤60% Combines food, beverage, and labor costs, representing the largest controllable expenses for profitability.
3 Customer Retention Rate High (e.g., 70%+) Measures the percentage of existing customers who continue to patronize the restaurant, indicating loyalty and satisfaction.
4 Average Check Size Varies by concept Calculates the average amount a single customer spends per visit, indicating revenue generation efficiency.
5 Table Turnover Rate Varies by service style Measures how many times a table is occupied by new parties during a specific service period, maximizing seating capacity.

Food Cost Percentage

This KPI measures the portion of revenue spent on food ingredients and is a cornerstone of cost control for a Chinese restaurant. It is calculated by dividing the Cost of Goods Sold (CoGS) by the total food revenue over a specific period.

The industry benchmark for a healthy food cost percentage is between 28% and 35%. For specific dishes, this can vary; for instance, a chicken and broccoli dish might have a food cost of 25%, while a seafood-heavy dish like shrimp lo mein could be closer to 40%.

A key strategy for how to control food costs in a Chinese restaurant business is through precise inventory management. Implementing a first-in, first-out (FIFO) system and conducting regular inventory counts can reduce food waste, which costs US restaurants an estimated $25 billion annually.

Menu optimization for Chinese food plays a direct role in managing this KPI. By analyzing the profitability and popularity of each dish, a restaurant can re-engineer its menu to promote high-margin items, potentially lowering the overall food cost percentage by 2-5%.

Prime Cost

Prime Cost is the most critical KPI for assessing overall profitability, combining total food and beverage costs (CoGS) with total labor costs, including salaries, wages, and benefits. It represents the largest controllable expenses for a Chinese restaurant.

The gold standard for Prime Cost in a profitable restaurant is 60% or less of total sales. A Prime Cost between 60% and 65% is a warning sign, while anything over 65% indicates that the restaurant is unlikely to be profitable without significant changes.

Effective financial management tips for Chinese restaurants often center on balancing the two components of Prime Cost. For example, if food costs rise to 35% due to supply chain issues, labor costs may need to be adjusted to below 25% through more efficient scheduling to maintain overall profitability.

This metric provides a holistic view needed for effective strategies for Chinese restaurant profitability. A restaurant might have a great food cost of 28%, but if its labor cost is 40% due to overstaffing, its Prime Cost of 68% reveals a significant operational issue that needs immediate attention.

Customer Retention Rate

This KPI measures the percentage of existing customers who continue to patronize your Chinese restaurant over a specific period, and it is a powerful indicator of customer loyalty and satisfaction. Improving this rate is one of the most effective ways to boost Chinese restaurant income.

Acquiring a new customer can cost five times more than retaining an existing one. A high retention rate is a clear sign that your strategies for improving the customer experience in a Chinese restaurant are working effectively.

Implementing loyalty programs for Chinese food customers can dramatically impact retention. Statistics show that members of loyalty programs are 70% more likely to increase or maintain their spending levels, directly contributing to more stable and predictable revenue.

A small increase in customer retention can have a massive impact on the bottom line. Research by Bain & Company found that increasing customer retention by just 5% can increase profits anywhere from 25% to 95%, making it a vital focus for long-term Chinese restaurant business growth.

Average Check Size

This KPI calculates the average amount of money a single customer spends per visit and is a direct measure of revenue generation efficiency. The primary goal is increasing the average check size in a Chinese restaurant to maximize revenue without needing more customers.

One of the most effective methods for boosting this metric is upselling techniques for Chinese restaurant staff. Well-executed staff training to increase sales can boost the average check size by 10-20% by encouraging customers to add appetizers, premium drinks, or desserts to their orders.

Pricing strategies for Chinese restaurant menus have a direct impact. Using psychological pricing (e.g., $12.95 instead of $13.00) and creating bundled meal deals or family platters can encourage customers to spend more than they originally intended, increasing the average ticket value by up to 15%.

The rise of online ordering systems for Chinese takeout has also been shown to increase average check size. Customers ordering online often spend up to 20% more than dine-in customers, as they feel less rushed and are more susceptible to automated upselling prompts for add-ons.

Table Turnover Rate

This operational KPI measures the number of times a table is occupied by a new party of customers during a specific service period, such as the dinner rush. A higher turnover rate is essential for maximizing revenue, especially when seating capacity is limited.

The ideal table turnover rate varies by service style. A fast-casual Chinese restaurant might aim for a 45-minute turnover, allowing for 2.6 turns during a 2-hour peak period, while a more formal dining experience might target a 90-minute turnover, or 1.3 turns in the same period.

Optimizing kitchen efficiency in a Chinese restaurant is directly linked to improving this metric. By streamlining food preparation and plating processes, the time from order to table can be reduced by 15-20%, allowing customers to be served faster and freeing up tables more quickly.

Technology can significantly improve table turnover. Implementing a modern Point of Sale (POS) system that allows for tableside ordering and payment can shave 5-10 minutes off the average table time, potentially allowing for one additional turn per table during a busy night shift.

Why Do You Need To Track KPI Metrics For Chinese Restaurant?

Tracking Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) is essential for any Chinese restaurant, including 'Dragon's Delight,' to make informed, data-driven decisions. These metrics directly impact profitability and ensure long-term business growth. By monitoring specific KPIs, you can identify areas of success and pinpoint opportunities for improvement across operations, finance, and marketing. This approach is fundamental to effective Chinese restaurant profit strategies.

Implementing a robust KPI tracking system is a cornerstone of effective strategies for Chinese restaurant profitability. Restaurants that leverage data analytics can see a significant boost in their financial health. For example, businesses that actively track and optimize based on KPIs often report a 5-10% increase in profit margins compared to those that do not. This optimization can apply to everything from menu items to staff scheduling, directly contributing to boosting Chinese restaurant income.

A significant challenge for Chinese restaurant profitability is managing inherently thin margins. The average restaurant profit margin in the US typically hovers between 3-5%. Given this tight financial landscape, tracking critical KPIs like food cost and labor cost becomes absolutely vital. Consistently monitoring these metrics helps maintain financial health and prevents unforeseen losses, providing essential financial management tips for Chinese restaurants.

One of the key performance indicators for a Chinese restaurant is customer satisfaction, which directly influences repeat business and customer retention. Tracking metrics related to customer experience can lead to higher retention rates. Research indicates that increasing customer retention by just 5% can boost profits by 25% to 95%. This makes improving customer experience in a Chinese restaurant a powerful driver of Chinese restaurant business growth.

What Are The Essential Financial KPIs For Chinese Restaurant?

For a Chinese restaurant like Dragon’s Delight, tracking key financial performance indicators (KPIs) is fundamental to understanding its financial health and operational efficiency. The most essential financial KPIs are Prime Cost, Gross Profit Margin, and Net Profit Margin. These metrics are vital for any strategy aimed at boosting Chinese restaurant income, allowing owners to make informed decisions that directly impact profitability.

The Gross Profit Margin on food sales is a primary focus for managing a Chinese restaurant. This metric is calculated by subtracting the Cost of Goods Sold (CoGS) from total revenue, then dividing by total revenue. For a typical Chinese restaurant, this margin should ideally be around 65% to 72%. Achieving this range indicates effective pricing strategies for Chinese restaurant menus and strong cost control. For example, if your total food revenue is $10,000 and your CoGS is $3,000, your gross profit margin is 70%.


Key Financial Metrics for Chinese Restaurants

  • Prime Cost: This combines total Cost of Goods Sold (CoGS) and labor costs. It's the largest controllable expense. The industry benchmark for a healthy prime cost is 60% or less of total revenue. Exceeding 65% signals an urgent need for adjustments, as discussed in detail on profitability strategies for Chinese restaurants.
  • Net Profit Margin: This reveals the percentage of revenue left after all operating expenses are deducted. While the average US restaurant profit margin is 3% to 5%, a well-managed Chinese restaurant focusing on effective Chinese restaurant profit strategies can aim for a net profit margin of 6% to 9% by carefully managing all costs, from rent to utilities.

Effective financial management tips for Chinese restaurants emphasize constantly monitoring these KPIs. For instance, if your prime cost starts creeping above 60%, it's a clear signal to investigate either food purchasing, portion control, or labor scheduling. A restaurant with a prime cost of 68% will struggle significantly to achieve profitability, no matter how high its sales are. Focusing on these core financial indicators provides a clear roadmap for sustained Chinese restaurant business growth.

Which Operational KPIs Are Vital For Chinese Restaurant?

Vital operational Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for a Chinese restaurant directly measure the efficiency and productivity of daily operations. Optimizing these areas is a key component of best practices for Chinese restaurant operations and contributes significantly to overall financial health. These include Food Cost Percentage, Table Turnover Rate, and Employee Turnover Rate.

Food Cost Percentage, a crucial metric for cost control in a Chinese restaurant, should ideally be between 28% and 35%. A 1% reduction in this KPI through strategies like reducing food waste or better inventory management can add thousands of dollars to the annual bottom line. For instance, if a restaurant has $1 million in annual revenue, a 1% reduction in food cost frees up $10,000 in profit. Managing inventory effectively and tracking supplier prices are key to maintaining this range, as highlighted in articles on Chinese restaurant profitability.

Table Turnover Rate measures how many times a table is used by different parties during a specific period. A successful fast-casual Chinese Restaurant might aim for a turnover every 45-50 minutes during peak dinner hours, while a full-service establishment might target 60-75 minutes. This directly impacts potential revenue per shift; faster turnover means more customers served, increasing Chinese restaurant revenue. Efficient kitchen operations and streamlined service are essential to achieve these targets.

Employee Turnover Rate is a critical, often overlooked KPI. The restaurant industry average can be as high as 75% annually. A high turnover rate significantly increases expenses and can disrupt service quality, making staff retention a vital part of Chinese restaurant business growth. The cost of replacing an employee averages around $5,864 per departing employee, encompassing recruitment, training, and lost productivity. Investing in staff training to increase sales and a positive work environment can mitigate this.

How Can A Chinese Restaurant Increase Its Profits?

A Chinese restaurant can significantly increase its profits by adopting a strategic, multi-faceted approach focusing on menu optimization, leveraging modern technology, and expanding into new revenue streams. This directly addresses the core challenge of boosting profit margins in a Chinese restaurant business. For example, a restaurant like 'Dragon’s Delight' can enhance its profitability by blending authentic flavors with smart business practices, ensuring long-term financial health and customer loyalty.


Key Strategies for Boosting Chinese Restaurant Income

  • Menu Engineering and Optimization: This strategy involves analyzing dish popularity and profitability to design a menu that maximizes revenue. By strategically highlighting high-margin items, a restaurant can significantly boost its overall profitability. For instance, noodle dishes or certain appetizers can have food costs as low as 15-20%. Implementing this can increase a restaurant's profits by 10-15% on average.
  • Adopting Modern Technology: Integrating an online ordering system for Chinese takeout is crucial for growth in today's market. Restaurants with an integrated online ordering system report an average increase in revenue of 30%. This technology also tends to increase the average check size, as customers often order more when browsing a digital menu at their own pace.
  • Expanding Revenue Streams: Diversifying into catering services for Chinese restaurants opens a significant new channel for income. Corporate catering alone is a multi-billion dollar industry in the US. A single corporate catering order can average between $300 and $500, offering a much higher profit margin compared to individual dine-in sales. Additionally, optimizing delivery services can attract new customers and increase overall sales volume.

What Marketing Strategies Work For Chinese Restaurants?

Effective marketing strategies for Chinese restaurants combine digital outreach, local community involvement, and loyalty programs. These methods are crucial for attracting new diners and ensuring repeat business, directly supporting Chinese restaurant profitability. A strong focus on social media marketing is particularly effective for reaching younger customers and boosting Chinese restaurant business growth.


Social Media Marketing for Chinese Restaurants

  • Utilizing platforms like Instagram and Facebook to showcase high-quality photos of food and the restaurant's ambiance significantly attracts new customers. Restaurants actively engaging on social media report that 75% of their customers have visited after seeing a post.
  • Visual content highlighting signature dishes, such as 'Dragon's Delight's' customizable healthy options or vibrant community atmosphere, resonates well. This approach helps attract new customers to Chinese restaurants and builds brand recognition.

Implementing loyalty programs for Chinese food customers is a proven customer retention strategy. Data shows that 45% of consumers are more likely to visit a business if it has a loyalty program. Offering points for every dollar spent, redeemable for free items like egg rolls or a main dish, directly encourages repeat visits and boosts Chinese restaurant income.


Local SEO for Chinese Restaurants

  • Local SEO is one of the most effective marketing ideas for small Chinese restaurants. Ensuring the restaurant appears prominently in 'near me' searches is critical, as 72% of consumers who performed a local search visited a store within five miles.
  • This involves optimizing the Google Business Profile with accurate hours, a complete menu, and encouraging positive customer reviews. A well-optimized profile enhances online visibility and drives foot traffic, essential for boosting Chinese restaurant income.

How to Control Food Costs in a Chinese Restaurant Business?

Controlling food costs is a cornerstone strategy for increasing Chinese restaurant profits. The Food Cost Percentage (FCP) measures the portion of revenue spent directly on food ingredients. It is calculated by dividing the Cost of Goods Sold (CoGS) by the total food revenue over a specific period. For instance, if your restaurant spends $3,000 on ingredients and generates $10,000 in food sales, your FCP is 30%. This metric is vital for financial management tips for Chinese restaurants, directly impacting overall profitability.

What is a Healthy Food Cost Percentage for Chinese Restaurants?

The industry benchmark for a healthy food cost percentage in restaurants, including Chinese cuisine, typically ranges between 28% and 35%. This benchmark helps 'Dragon’s Delight' assess its operational efficiency. However, this can vary significantly by dish. A chicken and broccoli dish, for example, might have a food cost of 25% due to lower ingredient costs. In contrast, a seafood-heavy dish like shrimp lo mein could see a food cost closer to 40% due to the higher price of proteins. Understanding these variations is key to optimizing a Chinese restaurant menu for profit.

How Does Inventory Management Reduce Food Waste in Chinese Restaurants?

Precise inventory management is a key strategy for how to control food costs in a Chinese restaurant business. Implementing a First-In, First-Out (FIFO) system ensures older ingredients are used before newer ones, significantly reducing spoilage. Regular, accurate inventory counts also help identify discrepancies and prevent over-ordering. Food waste costs US restaurants an estimated $25 billion annually, highlighting the financial impact of poor inventory practices. Effective management of inventory for Chinese restaurant supplies directly translates to boosting Chinese restaurant income by minimizing losses.

How to Optimize a Chinese Restaurant Menu for Profit?

Menu optimization for Chinese food plays a direct role in managing the Food Cost Percentage and increasing average check size in a Chinese restaurant. By analyzing the profitability and popularity of each dish, a restaurant can re-engineer its menu. This involves identifying high-margin items (e.g., vegetable-based dishes) and promoting them more effectively, perhaps through strategic placement or suggestive selling by staff trained to increase sales in a Chinese restaurant. Conversely, low-margin, high-popularity items might need price adjustments or ingredient substitutions. This approach can potentially lower the overall food cost percentage by 2-5%, directly improving profit margins for 'Dragon’s Delight.'


Key Strategies for Food Cost Control

  • Track Daily Sales and Inventory: Monitor ingredient usage against sales to spot discrepancies quickly.
  • Negotiate with Suppliers: Secure better prices for bulk purchases or long-term contracts for common Chinese restaurant supplies.
  • Standardize Portions: Use consistent portion sizes to prevent over-serving and ensure predictable food costs per dish.
  • Minimize Waste: Train kitchen staff on proper preparation techniques to reduce trim waste and repurpose usable scraps where possible.
  • Regular Menu Engineering: Continuously analyze dish profitability and popularity to make informed decisions about pricing strategies for Chinese restaurant menus and promotions.

Prime Cost: Essential for Chinese Restaurant Profitability

Prime Cost is the most critical Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for assessing a Chinese restaurant's overall profitability. It directly combines two of the largest controllable expenses: total food and beverage costs (Cost of Goods Sold or CoGS) with total labor costs, including all salaries, wages, benefits, and payroll taxes. Understanding and managing this metric is fundamental for any Chinese restaurant business growth and boosting Chinese restaurant income, as it represents the core operational expenditures that significantly impact the bottom line.

For a profitable restaurant, the industry gold standard for Prime Cost is 60% or less of total sales. A Prime Cost between 60% and 65% serves as a warning sign, indicating potential inefficiencies that need attention. Crucially, if Prime Cost exceeds 65%, the Chinese restaurant is highly unlikely to be profitable without significant and immediate operational changes. This benchmark helps 'Dragon’s Delight' and similar businesses gauge their financial health and identify areas for improvement in their restaurant management tips.


Optimizing Prime Cost in Chinese Restaurants

  • Balancing Components: Effective financial management tips for Chinese restaurants often center on balancing the two components of Prime Cost. For example, if food costs rise to 35% due due to supply chain issues or ingredient price fluctuations, labor costs may need to be adjusted to below 25% through more efficient scheduling, cross-training staff, or optimizing kitchen efficiency to maintain overall profitability.
  • Holistic View: This metric provides a holistic view needed for effective strategies for Chinese restaurant profitability. A restaurant might have an excellent food cost of 28%, but if its labor cost is 40% due to overstaffing or inefficient scheduling, its Prime Cost of 68% reveals a significant operational issue that needs immediate attention.
  • Actionable Insights: By tracking Prime Cost regularly, Chinese restaurant owners can quickly identify whether high expenses stem from food waste, inefficient purchasing, excessive staffing, or poor scheduling. This allows for targeted interventions to reduce costs in a Chinese restaurant and improve profit margins.

Implementing strategies to control food costs in a Chinese restaurant business, such as better inventory management for Chinese restaurant supplies and reducing food waste in Chinese restaurants, directly impacts the food cost component of Prime Cost. Similarly, optimizing staff training to increase sales Chinese restaurant and improving kitchen efficiency directly influences labor costs. Focusing on Prime Cost offers a clear pathway to increase Chinese restaurant revenue and ensure long-term viability.

Boosting Chinese Restaurant Income

Customer Retention Rate

Customer Retention Rate measures the percentage of existing customers who continue to patronize your Chinese restaurant over a specific period. This metric is a powerful indicator of customer loyalty and satisfaction. Improving this rate is one of the most effective ways to boost Chinese restaurant income and ensure long-term Chinese restaurant business growth.

Acquiring a new customer can cost significantly more than retaining an existing one. Research indicates that it can be five times more expensive to attract a new customer than to keep an old one. A high retention rate signifies that your strategies for improving the customer experience in a Chinese restaurant are working effectively, directly impacting Chinese restaurant profitability.


How to Improve Customer Loyalty in a Chinese Restaurant

  • Implement Loyalty Programs: Loyalty programs for Chinese food customers can dramatically impact retention. Statistics show that members of loyalty programs are 70% more likely to increase or maintain their spending levels. This directly contributes to more stable and predictable revenue, making loyalty programs a key strategy for increasing average check size Chinese restaurant.
  • Enhance Customer Experience: Focus on exceptional service and quality food. Staff training to increase sales Chinese restaurant and ensuring consistent, delicious meals are vital. A positive dining experience encourages repeat visits.
  • Personalized Communication: Use customer data to offer personalized promotions or acknowledge special occasions. This builds a stronger connection, improving customer loyalty in a Chinese restaurant.

A small increase in customer retention can have a massive impact on the bottom line. Research by Bain & Company found that increasing customer retention by just 5% can increase profits anywhere from 25% to 95%. This makes customer retention a vital focus for long-term Chinese restaurant business growth and overall Chinese restaurant profitability. Prioritizing retention is a top profit-boosting tip for Chinese restaurant owners, allowing 'Dragon’s Delight' to cultivate strong customer loyalty.

Average Check Size

Increasing the average check size is a critical strategy to boost Chinese restaurant revenue without necessarily attracting more customers. This key performance indicator (KPI) measures the average amount of money a single customer spends during each visit. For a business like 'Dragon’s Delight', optimizing this metric directly translates into greater profitability. Focusing on this area allows for significant growth in overall income by maximizing the value of every customer interaction. This is a core component of effective Chinese restaurant profit strategies.

One of the most effective methods for boosting the average check size is through strategic upselling. Well-executed upselling techniques for Chinese restaurant staff can significantly impact revenue. Staff training to increase sales is essential, equipping employees to subtly encourage customers to add higher-margin items. This includes suggesting appetizers, premium beverages, or desserts. Such focused training can realistically boost the average check size by 10-20%, directly contributing to boosting Chinese restaurant income.


Optimizing Average Check Size

  • Staff Training: Implement comprehensive programs for staff to master upselling techniques, focusing on high-profit items like specialty drinks or premium appetizers.
  • Menu Engineering: Design your menu to guide customers towards higher-value items. Use visual cues and strategic placement to highlight profitable dishes.
  • Bundled Offers: Create attractive meal deals or family platters that offer perceived value while increasing the total order amount.

Effective pricing strategies for Chinese restaurant menus also play a direct role in increasing the average ticket value. Utilizing psychological pricing, such as setting prices at $12.95 instead of $13.00, can subtly encourage customers to spend more. Additionally, creating bundled meal deals or family platters can entice customers to order more than they initially planned. These approaches can increase the average ticket value by up to 15%, significantly improving Chinese restaurant profitability by encouraging customers to spend more per visit.

The rise of the online ordering system for Chinese takeout has also proven to be a powerful tool for increasing average check size. Data shows that customers ordering online often spend up to 20% more than dine-in customers. This is largely because online platforms offer a less rushed environment, allowing customers more time to browse. They are also more susceptible to automated upselling prompts for add-ons like extra sauces, drinks, or additional side dishes, contributing significantly to increasing average check size in a Chinese restaurant.

Table Turnover Rate

Optimizing table turnover rate is crucial for increasing profits in a Chinese restaurant, especially when seating capacity is limited. This operational KPI measures how many times a table is occupied by a new group of customers during a specific service period, such as the dinner rush. A higher turnover directly translates to maximizing revenue from existing tables. For instance, a fast-casual Chinese restaurant like 'Dragon’s Delight' might target a 45-minute turnover per table, potentially achieving 2.6 turns during a 2-hour peak period. In contrast, a more formal dining experience would aim for a 90-minute turnover, resulting in 1.3 turns in the same timeframe.

Improving table turnover rate directly impacts Chinese restaurant profitability. By focusing on operational efficiency, restaurants can serve more customers without expanding their physical space. This strategy is key to boosting Chinese restaurant income and achieving overall business growth. Effective restaurant management tips often highlight this metric as a primary driver for increased revenue per square foot, making it a critical aspect of financial management tips for Chinese restaurants.


Strategies to Optimize Table Turnover

  • Streamline Kitchen Efficiency: Improving kitchen efficiency in a Chinese restaurant is directly linked to enhancing this metric. By optimizing food preparation and plating processes, the time from order to table can be reduced by 15-20%. This allows customers to receive their meals faster, freeing up tables more quickly for the next party.
  • Leverage Technology: Implementing a modern Point of Sale (POS) system significantly improves table turnover. Systems that support tableside ordering and payment can shave 5-10 minutes off the average table time. This can potentially enable one additional turn per table during a busy night shift, directly increasing average check size Chinese restaurant wide.
  • Efficient Staff Training: Staff training to increase sales Chinese restaurant operations should include clear protocols for quick table clearing and resetting. Well-trained staff can reduce the time between parties, ensuring tables are ready for new diners promptly. This also improves customer experience Chinese restaurant patrons receive.
  • Menu Optimization: An optimized Chinese restaurant menu can also influence turnover. Offering popular, quick-to-prepare dishes during peak hours, while still maintaining quality, helps reduce wait times. This balances menu optimization Chinese food offerings with operational speed.

These operational adjustments are vital for 'Dragon’s Delight' to transform its culinary vision into a financially successful venture. Focusing on table turnover is a practical, actionable strategy that balances simplicity with depth, ensuring the business can confidently build professional business plans without specialized knowledge. It's a core component of effective strategies for Chinese restaurant profitability, ensuring more diners can enjoy authentic flavors in a vibrant community atmosphere.